Explain why establishing correlation does not suffice to demonstrate causation. What are some ways in which variables A and B may be correlated without A causing B

philosophy scientific reasoning Correlation causation mechanism,
Answer the following questions in a paragraph each (10 points each ) 1. Explain why establishing correlation does not suffice to demonstrate causation. What are some ways in which variables A and B may be correlated without A causing B? 2. Explain why, in a purely correlational study, one does not need to distinguish between independent and dependent variables. topic : causation 3. Explain what is wrong with the following inference as a way to confirm a causal claim and present an alternative inference strategy that should be used to confirm the causal claim. Explain in clear prose how your alternative differs from the one below: If watering my plants causes them to grow, then there will be a statistically significant difference in the resulting growth when I water some and dont water others. I watered some of my plants and not others and there was a statistically significant difference in their growth. So I conclude that watering my plants causes them to grow. 4. Many psychological studies performed in the U.S. use samples composed entirely of undergraduates in psychology classes. Discuss the implications of this in terms of the external validity of the experiments conducted. Under what circumstances will the experiments remain externally valid and when will external validity be compromised? topic: Mechanism 5. Describe the different experimental procedures used to experiment on Gizmo and what each revealed about how that mechanism worked.